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Sabaʾ 34:4-5

The Qurʾān · Sūra 34: Sabaʾ · verses 4-5

This commentary was written by Claude (Anthropic); it carries no religious authority and should be checked against the classical sources.

34/4-5

لِّيَجْزِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَعَمِلُوا۟ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ لَهُم مَّغْفِرَةٌ وَرِزْقٌ كَرِيمٌ · وَٱلَّذِينَ سَعَوْ فِىٓ ءَايَٰتِنَا مُعَٰجِزِينَ أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ مِّن رِّجْزٍ أَلِيمٌ

Li-yajziya'lladhīna āmanū wa ʿamilu'ṣ-ṣāliḥāt, ulāʾika lahum maghfiratun wa rizqun karīm · Wa'lladhīna saʿaw fī āyātinā muʿājizīna ulāʾika lahum ʿadhābun min rijzin alīm

"That He may reward those who believed and did righteous deeds. For them there is forgiveness and a generous provision. And for those who run about to make Our signs of no effect, there is a painful punishment of the worst kind."

The ground of the Hour

The fourth verse begins with a lām al-taʿlīl (the lām of cause): li-yajziya — "in order to reward". That is, the Hour whose coming was announced in the previous verse is tied to a purpose.

I record this as an observation about the word order: the objection said "it will not come"; the answer said first that it will come (3), then says why it will come (4). That is, the sentence is not content to refute the claim; it also gives the reason for the event.

And in that reason the reward is named first, the punishment second. This ordering holds throughout the sūra: the fourth verse for the believers, the fifth for the other side.

سَعَوْ فِىٓ ءَايَٰتِنَا مُعَٰجِزِينَ

س-ع-ي — the concrete sense of the root is to walk fast, to bustle about, to exert oneself for a task. The word is neutral; the Qurʾān uses it both in praise and in blame. What settles its direction here is the circumstantial word that follows it.

مُعَٰجِزِين — root ع-ج-ز: to be unable, to be powerless. Muʿājiz — the active participle of Form III. This form conveys reciprocity and striving: "one who tries to render powerless, who strives to outrun and get past".

The lexicographers give the word two senses, and both are transmitted:

ReadingSense
1Those who try to render powerless — who want to make the signs ineffective
2Those who suppose they will escape — who think they cannot be caught

I do not impose a preference. What is worth recording is that the word states not an act but an aim: the verse does not say that they made the signs ineffective — it says they ran about so that it should be so.

This expression will come once more in the sūra, in almost the same words:

VerseExpressionWhat it is answered with
5Wa'lladhīna saʿaw fī āyātinā muʿājizīnʿAdhābun min rijzin alīm
38Wa'lladhīna yasʿawna fī āyātinā muʿājizīnFi'l-ʿadhābi muḥḍarūn

The only difference is the tense of the verb: the fifth has the perfect (saʿaw), the thirty-eighth the imperfect (yasʿawna). I record this as my own reading, and its support is where the two verses stand: the fifth verse comes inside a list of rulings, the thirty-eighth inside a description of an ongoing behaviour. The perfect states the ruling, the imperfect describes the state.

رِجْز — root ر-ج-ز: shaking, disordered movement; and from there filth, punishment. The lexicographers connect the word with the trembling in a camel's hind legs (rajaz). The construction is striking: ʿadhābun min rijzin alīm — "a punishment out of the worst kind of punishment". That is, the punishment is further qualified from within its own class.


Roots analysed in this section

س-ع-ي

The whole of Sūrat Sabaʾ